Table 1-1. Study institute, period and paper publication of each case
CaseNo.	脉	Chief Complaint	Study Institute	Medical treatment period	Paper Publication
1	脉浮	Parkinson’s disease (Gait disturbance)	Jung in Korean medical clinic	Sep.~ Nov. 2022	Not Published
2	脉浮	Impulse Control Disorder	Yongsan Won korean medical clinic	2018	Published8)
3	脉緩	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	Himchan Korean medical clinic	Aug.~ Nov. 2022	Not Published
4	脉緩	Meniere’s disease	Kyunghee Seoul Korean medical clinic	2021	Published9)
5	脉微	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	Himchan Korean medical clinic	Aug.~ Sep. 2022	Not Published
6	脉微	Brain fog	Jung in Korean medical clinic	May ~ Sep. 2022	Not Published
7	脉沈	Major depression disorder	Jung in Korean medical clinic	Jun. ~ Oct. 2022	Not Published
8	脉沈	Parkinson’s disease	Himchan Korean medical clinic	May ~ Sep. 2022	Not Published
9	脉弦	Spinal disc herniation	Kyunghee yeolrin Korean medical clinic	Jun. ~ Jul. 2022	Not Published
10	脉弦	Low back pain	Kyunghee yeolrin Korean medical clinic	Jan. ~ Apr. 2022	Not Published

Table 2-1. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case (脉浮)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Greater yang disease pattern/syndrome	大陽病	Disease developed by excessive physical labor
Poor quality of sleep	煩不得眠	Insomnia, Frequent nocturia
Discomfort of urination	小便不利	Urinary frequency ; over 20 times, a sense of residual urine
Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by repeatedly using muscles	脉浮	Neck pain, Shoulder pain
Thirst	渴	Small amount of daily drink ; under 0.5L/day

Table 2-2. Composition and Administration of Oryeong-san10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
澤瀉	Alismatis Rhizoma	15
茯苓	Poria Sclerclium	8
豬苓	Polyporus umballatus Fries	8
白朮	Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba	8
桂枝	Cinnamomi Ramulus	6
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-3. Comparison of two 脉浮 cases (Case 1, 2)
The types of 脉	脉浮
Case	Case 1		Case 2
Sex / Age	Female / 87		Female / 29
Chief Complaint	Parkinson’s disease (Gait disturbance)		Anger management problems8) (Impulse Control Disorder)
Mobility Problems	Gait disturbance, Nuchal pain, Upper limb pain		Nuchal pain, Both lower and upper limbs pain
『傷寒論』Provision	71. 脉浮		38. 脉浮緊
Administration	五苓散 (Oryeong-san)		大青龍湯 (Daecheongryong-tang)
Changes of Mobility Problems	1st day	20th day	1st day	60th day
	Unable to walk without wheelchair	Able to walk with a cane	VAS： 10	VAS： 2
VAS, Visual analogue scale

Table 2-4. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case 3 (脉緩)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Greater yang disease pattern/syndrome	大陽病	Disease developed by excessive physical labor
Neuropathy associated with leg weakness	中風(脉緩)	Numbness, muscle weakness
Be irritated due to the disability of outside activity	不汗出而煩燥	Unable to work for living
Musculoskeletal pain	身疼痛	Stabbing, burning, cold, hot, sore pain

Table 2-5. Composition and Administration of Daecheongryong-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
麻黃	Ephedrae Herba	12
杏仁	Armeniacae Semen	5
石膏	Gypsum	15
桂枝	Cinnamomi Ramulus	6
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix	6
生薑	Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus	9
大棗	Zizyphi Fructus	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-6. Comparison of two 脉緩 cases (Case 3, 4)
The types of 脉	脉緩
Case	Case 3		Case 4
Sex / Age	Male / 51		Female / 48
Chief Complaint	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy		Meniere’s disease
Mobility Problems	Pain, parethesia and weakness of arm and leg		Dizziness with headache
『傷寒論』Provision	38. 中風(脉緩)		74. 中風(脉緩)
Administration	大青龍湯 (Daecheongryong-tang)		五苓散 (Oryeong-san)
Changes of Mobility Problems	1st day	101st day	1st day	46th day
	NRS : 9 NPS : 51	NRS : 6 NPS : 43	DHI : 42	DHI : 4
NRS, Numeral rating scale; NPS, Neuropathic pain scale; DHI, Dizziness handicap inventory

Table 2-7. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case 5 (脉微)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Lesser yin disease pattern/syndrome	少隂病	Disease developed by less movement and feel fatigue easily
Interior cold and external heat	裏寒外热	Conflict with family was a big stress to patient
Reversal cold of the extremities on hands and feet	手足厥逆	Loss of sensation and pain of both hands and feet after repeated computer work
Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by fatigue or weakness of muscle	脉微欲絶	Due to low-activity, limb muscle weakness getting worse

Table 2-8. Composition and administration of Tongmaekhoiyeok-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma	6
附子	Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata	3
乾薑	Zingiberis Rhizoma	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-9. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case 6 (脉微)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Lesser yin disease pattern/syndrome	少隂病	Disease developed by less movement and feel fatigue
Reversal cold of the extremities	手足厥逆	Rather than using big muscles, only moved her fingers like playing games
Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by fatigue or weakness of muscle	脉微欲絶	No outdoor activities and don't get muscles easily despite of physical exercise

Table 2-10. Composition and administration of Tongmaekhoiyeok-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma	6
附子	Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata	3
乾薑	Zingiberis Rhizoma	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-11. Comparison of two 脉微 cases (case 5, 6)
The types of 脉	脉微
Case	Case 5		Case 6
Sex / Age	Female / 43		Female / 20
Chief Complaint	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy		Brain fog
Mobility Problems	Pain and paresthesia of both hands and feet, Too tired to exercise.		Too tired and sleepy to leave the house
『傷寒論』Provision	317. 脉微欲絶		317. 脉微欲絶
Administration	通脉回逆湯 (Tongmaekhoiyeok-tang)		通脉回逆湯 (Tongmaekhoiyeok-tang)
Changes of Mobility Problems	1st day	112th day	1st day	60th day
	NRS：7 NPS：52	NRS：3 NPS：27	NRS：9	NRS：3
NRS, Numeral rating scale; NPS, Neuropathic pain scale

Table 2-12. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case 7 (脉沈)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Greater yang disease pattern/syndrome	大陽病	Disease developed by excessive emotional stress
Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by being depressed or tired	脉沈紧	Major Depression Disorder
Stuffiness strikes the chest	気上衝胸	Chest pressure or pain occasionally occur
Sweating	発汗	Used to go boat fishing with husband

Table 2-13. Composition and Administration of Yeonggyechulgam-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
茯笭	Poria Sclerotium	12
桂枝	Cinnamomi Ramulus	9
白朮	Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba	9
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-14. The Main Diagnostic Points of This Case (脉沈)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Greater yang disease pattern/syndrome	大陽病	Disease developed by excessive physical labor
Cold damage	傷寒	Disease occurred suddenly
Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by being depressed or tired	脉沈緊	Impossible getting out of bed and taking care of oneself

Table 2-15. Composition and Administration of Yeonggyechulgam-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
茯笭	Poria Sclerotium	12
桂枝	Cinnamomi Ramulus	9
白朮	Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba	9
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-16. Comparison of two 脉沈 cases (Case 7, 8)
The types of 脉	脉沈
Case	Case 7		Case 8
Sex / Age	Female / 83		Male / 82
Chief Complaint	Major depression disorder		Parkinson’s disease
Mobility Problems	No desire to move. Tired and depressed.		Bradykinesia, Rigid muscles, Impaired posture and balance
『傷寒論』Provision	67. 脉沈紧		67. 脉沈紧
Administration	茯苓圭支白朮甘艸湯 (Yeonggyechulgam-tang)		茯苓圭支白朮甘艸湯 (Yeonggyechulgam-tang)
Changes of Mobility Problems	1st day	90th day	1st day	111st day
	BDI： 61	BDI： 17	MDS-UPDRS II : 43	MDS-UPDRS II : 29
BDI, Beck depression inventory; MDS-UPDRS II, The movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified parkinson's disease rating scale part II

Table 2-17. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case 9 (脉弦)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Greater yang disease pattern/syndrome	大陽病	Disease developed by excessive physical labor
Cold damage	傷寒	Getting cold frequently
Discomfort or resistance of body movement which feels similar to drawing a bow	脉弦	Tugging pain in four limbs

Table 2-18. Composition and administration of Modified Soshiho-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
柴胡	Bupleuri Radix	24
半夏	Pinellia Rhizoma	9
人蔘	Ginseng Radix	9
大棗	Zizyphi Fructus	12
生薑	Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens	9
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix	9
丹蔘	Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-19. The Main Diagnostic Points of Case 10 (脉弦)
Interpretation	Expression in the provision of Shanghanlun	Related Patient Information
Greater yang disease pattern/syndrome	大陽病	Disease developed by excessive physical labor
Cold damage	傷寒	Disease occurred suddenly
Discomfort or resistance of body movement which feels similar to drawing a bow	脉弦	A tightening pain in the leg

Table 2-20. Composition and administration of Modified Soshiho-tang10)

Herbal name		Daily dose (g)
Chinese	Latin
柴胡	Bupleuri Radix	24
半夏	Pinellia Rhizoma	9
人蔘	Ginseng Radix	9
大棗	Zizyphi Fructus	12
生薑	Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens	9
甘草	Glycyrrhizae Radix	9
丹蔘	Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix	9
Dried herbs above are dose of one day. The herbs above were boiled with water, and residues were removed. The patient was administered 120cc each, three times a day.

Table 2-21. Comparison of two 脉弦 cases (Case 9, 10)
The types of 脉	脉弦
Case	Case 9		Case 10
Sex / Age	Female / 59		Female / 65
Chief Complaint	Spinal disc herniation		Low back pain
Mobility Problems	Upper limb tingling Low back and lower limb pain		A tightening pain in the leg
『傷寒論』Provision	100. 隂脉弦		100. 隂脉弦
Administration	小柴胡湯加減方 (Modified Soshiho-tang)		小柴胡湯加減方 (Modified Soshiho-tang)
Changes of Mobility Problems	1st day	60th day	1st day	105th day
	VAS： 10	VAS： 2	NRS：10	NRS：3
VAS, Visual analogue scale; NRS, Numeral rating scale

Table 3-1. Etymology of Chinese Character 永22)
甲骨文	金文	金文	說文解字

Table 3-2. Etymology of Chinese Character 浮22)
金文	說文解字	六書通	六書通

Table 3-3. Etymology of Chinese Character 緩22)
說文解字	六書通	六書通	六書通

Table 3-4. Etymology of Chinese Character 微22)
說文解字	六書通	六書通	六書通

Table 3-5. Etymology of Chinese Character 沈,沉22)
甲骨文	金文	說文解字	六書通

Table 3-6. Etymology of Chinese Character 弦22)
說文解字	六書通	六書通	六書通

Table 3-7. Definition of 脉 and related diseases
Type	Definition by paleographical interpretation	Related Symptoms
脉	Discomfort or resistance of the body movement	-Diseases related to body movement
脉浮	Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by repeatedly using muscles	-Musculoskeletal Pain -Muscle tightness -Muscle fatigue
脉緩	Discomfort or resistance of body movement which feels similar to stumbling	-Vasovagal Syncope -Epileptic seizures -Acute stroke -Myasthenia gravis(leg weakness)
脉微	Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by fatigue, weakness of muscle, or developmental disability	-Muscular atrophy -Infantile paralysis -Musculoskeletal Pain due to lack of muscle strength
脉沈	Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by being depressed or tired	-Reduced body movement due to major depressive disorder -Muscle weakness due to major depressive disorder -Extreme exhaustion due to chronic fatigue syndrome
脉弦	Discomfort or resistance of body movement which feels similar to drawing a bow	-Radiculopathy -Neurogenic claudication

Table 4-1. Comparison of 脉 meaning among several studies
Types of 脉(脈)	『傷寒論精解』23) (2013)	Study of Roh et al.6) (2013)	This study
脉 (脈)	Radial arterial pulse diagnosis	Observable personal images include face expression, tone of voice, movement, personality.	Discomfort or resistance during the body movement
脉浮 (脈浮)	Floating pulse which means superficial(early) stage of disease	Look bright, High voice tone, Quick tongue, Rapid movement, Scatterbrained, Excited	Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by repeatedly using muscles
脉緩 (脈緩)	Moderate pulse which means healthy state of body	Not mentioned	Discomfort or resistance of body movement which feels similar to stumbling
脉微 (脈微)	Faint pulse which means diminished functions, decreased metabolic activities, reduced body reactions	Look tired, Small voice, Tend to stay home, Introvert	Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by being developmental disability or weakness of muscle
脉沈 (脈沈)	Sunken pulse which means body fluid retention	Depressed, Low and heavy voice tone, Exhausted	Discomfort or resistance of body movement caused by fatigue, weakness of muscle, or developmental disability
脉弦 (脈弦)	String-like pulse which means spasmodic contraction of tendons and meridian	Not mentioned	Discomfort or resistance of body movement which feels similar to drawing a bow